USask research site in Kananaskis Valley where snow is monitored. (Photo: Alistair Wallace)
USask research site in Kananaskis Valley where snow is monitored. (Photo: Alistair Wallace)

USask model for predicting mountain snowpack provides clearer picture of spring runoff, impacts of climate change

Scientists have developed a way to predict the depth and movement of snowpacks in the Canadian Rocky Mountains which will provide valuable information on spring runoff, risk of flooding, avalanche danger, and the impact of climate change.

GWF research contributes to new snowpack model.
John Pomeroy, Canada Research Chair in Water Resources and Climate Change and professor in the USask Department of Geography and Planning. (Photo: Submitted)
John Pomeroy, Canada Research Chair in Water Resources and Climate Change and professor in the USask Department of Geography and Planning. (Photo: Submitted)

After decades of research, a new model was developed by University of Saskatchewan (USask) researchers that for the first time successfully predicted mountain snowpack with a high degree of accuracy and detail—information of critical importance for water management, agriculture, mining, recreation, and flood forecasting worldwide. Snow cover in the mountains is the principal driver of spring runoff.  

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“Snow in the Canadian Rockies accounts for 60 per cent of the flow of the South Saskatchewan River and three-quarters of the province relies on it for drinking water, for irrigation, for potash mining and other industries,” said John Pomeroy, Canada Research Chair in Water Resources and Climate Change and professor in the USask Department of Geography and Planning. “The rivers in Saskatchewan really are the lifeblood of the province.”

According to Pomeroy, more than half of humanity relies on runoff from mountain snow for drinking, power generation, and irrigation.

“We can finally predict the development of mountain snowpack,” said Pomeroy. “This is a big achievement, which allow water management agencies to better assess our mountain snow water resources.”

For example, the amount of snowpack in the Rockies each winter determines hydroelectric capacity at the Gardiner Dam, and the amount of water available in Lake Diefenbaker for irrigation.

Big data

Lead author of the study Vincent Vionnet. (Photo: Submitted)
Lead author of the study Vincent Vionnet. (Photo: Submitted)

Run on supercomputers, the Canadian Hydrological Model (CHM) crunches detailed data on snow distribution by wind and avalanches, shading by mountains, wind flow over ridges, and vegetation, along with weather forecasts, to generate an estimate of where and how much snow has accumulated in a given area.

The USask team used their model to predict the amount of snowpack in a 1,000-square kilometre area of the southern Kananaskis Valley, in the Canadian Rockies. Their results, published in mid-February in the journal The Cryosphere, were a close match with snow depth data collected by a team of scientists at the University of British Columbia using LiDAR (light detection and ranging) laser measurements taken by airplane. High-resolution snow cover data captured by satellite and processed by a lab at University of Toulouse (France) confirmed the results.

Generating estimates of snow accumulation is currently a costly, labour-intensive exercise, relying on teams of snow surveyors going into the backcountry on skis or by helicopter, then manually measuring snow depth and density in remote locations—techniques that have been used for over a century. Because of cost and time involved, they can only take measurements at a few locations.

The USask team has created a demonstration website called Snowcast which uses their model to generate nearly real-time estimates of snowpack for a section of the Bow Valley starting just west of Calgary and running up to Lake Louise and Field.

Big data

The Kananaskis Valley, near a USask research site where snow is monitored. (Photo: Alistair Wallace)
The Kananaskis Valley, near a USask research site where snow is monitored. (Photo: Alistair Wallace)

Model scalable to large areas

USask researcher Chris Marsh. (Photo: Submitted)
USask researcher Chris Marsh. (Photo: Submitted)

Chris Marsh, a USask post-doctoral fellow who developed the CHM as part of his PhD with the USask Global Institute for Water Security and Department of Geography and Planning, is excited by the potential to scale up the model from a relatively small research domain to larger areas, such as the North American Cordillera (the nearly continuous mountain chain running along the western side of the United States and Canada) or High-mountain Asia (a mountain region that’s home to the world’s biggest collection of glaciers and snow).

“Very large spatial extents are now solvable with a model like this,” said Marsh. “It’s really important for being able to provide estimates for the amount of end-of-winter snow cover in difficult to access mountain areas. Simulations provide a missing piece of the puzzle for helping quantify the amount of water in mountain snow cover.”

Other provinces are already showing interest in using the model for hydrological forecasting, said Pomeroy, and recent discussions with UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) suggest there’s global interest in harnessing its predictive power.

“This will allow for better water management, which is certainly what every water management agency in the world wants right now, with our climate becoming more variable, said Pomeroy. “We’re seeing wild swings in weather and in extreme events, such as droughts and floods. It’s a real challenge for water management, to try to smooth out these extremes, to provide steady supplies for everyone.”

Challenges in building the model

Lead author Vincent Vionnet, now a research scientist with Environment and Climate Change Canada, spent two years with the USask-led Global Water Futures program working on the project. He came up with the design for validating the model, and a strategy for the tricky work of incorporating mountain wind behaviour into the CHM. 

As part of their validation, the team was able to toggle on and off the different physical factors in their model—a process called model falsification—to determine how large an influence each had on the accuracy of the information generated.

“We turned off the wind redistribution, we turned off the avalanching,” said Vionnet. “You see a huge decrease in the model’s performance that clearly illustrates the importance of taking into account these processes.”

Costly endeavour

California spends $14 million taking aerial measurements of snowpack in the Sierra Nevada mountains using LiDAR technology, according to Pomeroy.

“They measure it that way because they can’t model it,” said Pomeroy. “We were doing that back in 2007 in the Rockies, but we can’t afford to do it (on a regular basis). We had to figure out how to calculate the snowpack without that information. Sometimes when you don’t have the wealth, you are forced to be smarter.”

This work is supported by a number of funding agencies, including the Canada First Research Excellence Fund (Global Water Futures), and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (Discovery Grants). 

Costly endeavour

Mountain Snowpack - Kananaskis Valley: A subset of the Kananaskis Valley domain that was simulated. Left and middle animations show snowcover simulation from the Canadian Hydrological Model (CHM) from Oct 1 2007 to April 27 2018. Far left is a simulation without any snow redistribution (blowing snow or avalanching), middle is a simulation with snow redistribution, and far right is snowdepth as measured by LiDAR at the end of winter. Coloured regions are regions where the no redistribution (far left) model misses key variability in snowpack. (Credit: Chris Marsh and Vincent Vionnet)

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